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Welcome to another tutorial. In this tutorial, you will be shown how to handle events in JavaScript.
We can describe an event as something that happens when a user interacts with the web page a website. These events may include the user clicking a button or link, entering text into an input box or text area, submitting a form, pressing a key on the keyboard, moving the mouse pointer, and so on. However, modern browsers on their own can trigger events, such as page unload and auto-load.
JavaScript Event Handler or Even Listener can be used to detect and perform a specific task or set of tasks when an event occurs. Event handlers are given names that begin with the word "on", for example, the load event is called 'onload', the click event is called the 'onclick’, and so on.
You can assign an event handler in several ways. One of the ways is to directly add them to the start tag of the HTML element using the special event-handler attributes. Just like the example shown in the paragraph above, to assign a click handler for a button element, you can use the 'on click' attribute, as shown below:
Example :
<button type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')">Click</button>additionally, to separate the JavaScript from HTML, the event handler can be set in an external JavaScript file or within the ‘<script> and </script> tags,’ like this: ‘</script>’
<button type="button" id="myBtn">Click</button>
<script>
function sayHello() {
alert('Hello World!');
}
document.getElementById("myBtn").onclick = sayHello;
</script>Note: recall that HTML attributes are case-insensitive, so ‘onclick’ can be re-written as ‘onClick’, or ‘OnClick’. However, you should know that HTML value is case-sensitive.
In JavaScript, events can be categorized into four groups and they are keyboard events, document/window events, form events, and mouse events. Though we have other types of events, they will come up in our subsequent lessons in later chapters. Let’s briefly have an overview of some of these groups of events.
In JavaScript, a keyboard event is initiated when the user presses or releases a key on the keyboard. Let’s take a look at some important keyboard events and their event handler.
This type of keyword event occurs when the user presses down a key on the keyboard. The ‘onkeydown’ event handler is used to handle this type of keyboard event. The example here shows the alert message when the keydown event happens.
Example:
<input type="text" onkeydown="alert('You have pressed inside text input!')">
<textarea onkeydown="alert('You have pressed inside textarea!')"></textarea>In this case of keyword event, ‘keyup’ event occurs when the user releases a key on the keyboard. This event can be handled with the ‘onkeyup event handler. Below is an example of the alert message you will get when the keyup event occurs.
Example:
<input type="text" onkeyup="alert('You have released key from text input!')">
<textarea onkeyup="alert('You have released key from inside textarea!')"></textarea>The keypress event occurs when a user presses and releases a key on the keyboard that has a character value unique to it. For example, keys like Ctrl, Esc, Alt, Shift, etc. In essence, these keys mentioned will not generate a keypress event, rather it will generate a ‘keydown’ and a ‘keyup’ event.
The ‘onkeypress’ event handler can be used to handle the keypress. The example here shows the alert message when the keydown event happens.
Example:
<input type="text" onkeypress="alert('You have pressed a key in text input!')">
<textarea onkeypress="alert('You have pressed a key in textarea!')"></textarea>
This type of event is experienced when a form control receives or loses focus and also when a user modifies a form control value by doing the following; typing text in a text input, selecting an option in a select box, etc. Below are some important form events and their event handler.
A focus event happens when the user gives focus to an element on the web page of a website.Hence, the ‘onfocus’ is used to handle the focus event. The example below will show us how ‘onfocus’ works.
Example:
<script>
function highlightInput(elm){
elm.style.background = "yellow";
}
</script>
<input type="text" onfocus="highlightInput(this)">
<button type="button">Button</button>Note: as we have seen in the example above, keyword inside an event handler refers to the element which has the handler on it
In this case, the user takes the focus away from a window or a form element.
The blur event can be handled with the ‘onblur’ event handler. The example here shows the alert message when the text input element loses focus.
Example:
<input type="text" onblur="alert('Text input loses focus!')">
<button type="button">Submit</button>To take the focus away from a form element first click inside of it then press the tab key on the keyboard, give focus on something else, or click outside of it.
This event happens when a user changes the value of a form element. The ‘onchange’ event handler handles the change event. The example here shows the alert message when you change the option in the select box.
Example:
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<select onchange="alert('You have select the gender!');">
<option>Select</option>
<option>Male</option>
<option>Female</option>
</select>
</body>
</html>The submit event occurs on a web page only when the user submits a form on it. You can use the ‘onsubmit’ event handler to handle a submit event. The example here shows the alert message while submitting the form to the server.
Example:
<form action="action.php" method="post" onsubmit="alert('Form data will be submitted to the server!');">
<label>First Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="first-name" required>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
A mouse event is an event triggered when the user moves the mouse pointer over an element or clicks some element, etc. The example below will show us how a mouse event works you move a mouse pointer over an element.
This type of event only occurs when a user clicks on an element on a web page. Most times they are links and form elements. The use of ‘onclick’ event handler is used to handle a click event.
The example here shows the alert message when you click on the elements.
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="alert('You have clicked a button!');">Click Me</button>
<a href="#" onclick="alert('You have clicked a link!');">Click Me</a>
</body>
</html>The one important event handler, it occurs when a user clicks the right mouse button on an element to open a context menu. The ‘oncontextmenu’ event handler is used to handle a context menu event.
The example here shows the alert message when you right-click on the elements.
Example:
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<button type="button" oncontextmenu="alert('You have right-clicked a button!');">Right Click on Me</button>
<a href="#" oncontextmenu="alert('You have right-clicked a link!');">Right Click on Me</a>
</body>
</html>The mouseover event only occurs when a user moves the mouse pointer over an element.
The ‘onmouseover’ event handler is used to handle the mouseover event. The example below shows the alert message if you place a mouse over the elements.
Example:
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<button type="button" onmouseover="alert('You have placed mouse pointer over a button!');">Place Mouse Over Me</button>
<a href="#" onmouseover="alert('You have placed mouse pointer over a link!');">Place Mouse Over Me</a>
</body>
</html>The mouseout event occurs if a user while using the mouse moves the mouse pointer outside of an element.
The ‘onmouseout’ event handler is what you can use to handle the mouseout event. The example below shows the alert message if the mouseout event occurs.
Example:
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<button type="button" onmouseout="alert('You have moved out of the button!');">Place Mouse Inside Me and Move Out</button>
<a href="#" onmouseout="alert('You have moved out of the link!');">Place Mouse Inside Me and Move Out</a>
</body>
</html>Window/document events are triggered when the web page has loaded or the user resizes the browser window. Below are some important form events and their event handler.
This web page event occurs when a web page has finished loading in the web browser. The ‘onload’ event handler is used to handle the load event. The example below shows the alert message as soon as the page finishes loading.
Example :
<html>
<head></head>
<body onload="window.alert('Page is loaded successfully!');">
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>The unload event occurs only when a user leaves the current web page on the website. Therefore, ‘onunload’ event handler is used to handle the unload event. The example below shows the alert message when you try to leave the page.
Example:
<html>
<head></head>
<body onunload="alert('Are you sure you want to leave this page?');">
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>This event deals with the resizing of a window of a browser. So, it occurs when the user resizes the window of a web browser and also, for minimization and maximization of a window.
The ‘onresize’ event handler is used to handle the resize of an event. The example below shows the alert message when you resize the browser window to a new size.
Example:
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<p id="result"></p>
<script>
function displayWindowSize() {
var w = window.outerWidth;
var h = window.outerHeight;
var txt = "Window size: width=" + w + ", height=" + h;
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = txt;
}
window.onresize = displayWindowSize;
</script>
</body>
</html>